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\begin{document}

\title{Advantages and Disadvantages of using IoT for Smart Cities \\
}

\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{1\textsuperscript{st} Yann Ahlgrim}
\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{Business Informatics Department} \\
\textit{Reutlingen University}\\
Reutlingen, Germany \\
yann.ahlgrim@student.reutlingen-university.de}
}

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\begin{abstract}
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\section{Introduction}
\noindent
Due to the rapid growth of urbanization, cities are facing numerous challenges, e.g. traffic congestions and safety issues \cite{shatat2024smart}. The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a promising solution
to overcome these challenges along with data analytics and artificial intelligence \cite{shatat2024smart}.
\newline
\newline
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection between physical and virtual objects through the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data \cite{bayani2017internet}. The identification
of these devices in the internet is done through the use of unique identifiers, such as IP addresses \cite{bayani2017internet}. Talking about IoT devices, they can be anything from smart home appliances
to sensors and actuators used to collect data and execute actions.
\newline
\newline
\cite{houssein2024internet} emphasises the importance of meeting the rising urbanization with the development of smart cities. Smart cities are urban areas that leverage internet and communication technologies (ICT),
such as IoT to enhance the quality of life, improve the economy, and promote sustainability \cite{houssein2024internet}.

\section{Research Methodology}
\noindent
This study adopts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to examine the advantages and disadvantages of using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in smart cities. The reason for this approach
is to provide a comprehensive unbiased overview of the current state of research on this topic.
\newline
\newline
To identify relevant papers, a structured search string was developed to capture a broad range of perspectives on the topic. The following search query was used in academic databases:
\begin{quote}
TI (iot OR "internet of things") AND (smart cities OR "smart city") AND (advantages OR benefits OR pros OR strengths OR disadvantages OR cons OR risks OR challenges OR drawbacks OR weaknesses)
\end{quote}
The search was limited to peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers published in English. As a database for the search, Google Scholar and EBSCO were used.

\section{Advantages of IoT in Smart Cities}
\subsection{Traffic Management}
\noindent
The integration of IoT in traffic management systems has shown significant improvements in urban mobility. IoT-enabled traffic lights can adapt in real-time to traffic conditions, reducing congestion, improving
travel times, reducing emissions and fuel consumption \cite{shatat2024smart}. For instance, smart traffic lights can adjust their timing based on real-time data from observed car movements through cameras and sensors
\cite{shatat2024smart}.
\newline
\newline
\cite{malik2023smart} highlights that smart traffic management systems have even more benefits, such as notifying citizens about traffic conditions, other transportation options and routes, which can help them make
informed decisions about their travel plans. A similar system is illustrated in \cite{formisano2015advantages}, where the authors describe a smart traffic mobility management system for users to get real-time information
about traffic conditions, like \enquote{[...] speed, occupancy degree [...], CO2, NO2, O3, and noise.}.

\subsection{Energy Management}
\noindent
With the increasing demand for energy in urban areas, IoT technologies can play a crucial role in optimizing energy consumption of electricity, thermal and gas in smart cities \cite{houssein2024internet}.
\cite{shatat2024smart} states that IoT-enabled smart grids can monitor and analyze energy usage patterns, allowing for better load balancing and demand response so that the energy is distributed to areas with the
highest demand. This can lead to reduced energy waste and lower emissions \cite{shatat2024smart}.

\subsection{Healthcare}
\noindent
In \cite{malik2023smart}, the authors explain that IoT technologies can be used to monitor patients' health in real-time through sensors measuring for
example \enquote{[...] pulse, respiration rate, and skin temperature [...]}.
IoT technologies can also facilitate the secure sharing of sensitive patient information with authorized personnel \cite{malik2023smart}.
Those measures enables more effective monitoring and timely decision-making regarding patients' health conditions \cite{malik2023smart}.
\newline
\newline
Another important aspect which is being discussed in \cite{houssein2024internet} is that the application of IoT in healthcare can lead to improved healthcare accessibility for citizens, especially in remote areas.
This is achieved through telemedicine and remote monitoring, which allows patients to receive medical care without the need for physical visits to healthcare facilities \cite{houssein2024internet}.

\subsection{Community}
IoT systems can contribute to the quality of life by improving the financial, ecological, and social aspects of a community \cite{houssein2024internet}. For instance, \cite{formisano2015advantages} describes a
system that allows citizens to find events in their area in order to engage with their community. Other than that, the authors of \cite{formisano2015advantages} also present a scenario, which they call
\enquote{Citizen Activity Enhancer} that allows citizens to share their activities with others, such as \enquote{[...] sports activity or shopping activities [...]} and to find other citizens with similar interests.

\subsection{Waste Management}
\noindent
Waste bins equipped with IoT sensors send fill-level data to a central system, allowing waste management companies to optimize collection routes and schedules \cite{shatat2024smart}. This not only reduces operational
costs but also minimizes the environmental impact of waste collection by reducing fuel consumption and emissions due to unnecessary trips \cite{shatat2024smart}.

\subsection{E-Learning}
\noindent
The integration of IoT technologies into smart cities has significantly transformed the landscape of e-learning. By enabling real-time interaction between physical and virtual educational components, IoT allows for a
more immersive and flexible learning experience \cite{bayani2017internet}. Smart devices, such as RFID-enabled whiteboards, wireless sensor networks, and cloud-based platforms, facilitate seamless communication
between students, educators, and learning resources, regardless of geographic constraints \cite{bayani2017internet}.
\newline
\newline
IoT enhances accessibility by enabling students to participate in educational activities anytime and anywhere. Learners can remotely access labs, perform virtual experiments, retrieve data, and submit assignments in
real time \cite{bayani2017internet}. Similarly, global access to digital libraries and educational materials becomes possible through interconnected systems, allowing students and teachers to engage with vast
knowledge bases without physical limitations \cite{bayani2017internet}.
\newline
\newline
Moreover, IoT promotes smart collaboration by creating interconnected networks of educational entities—students, teachers, and devices—supporting real-time group work and fostering efficient knowledge exchange.
This collaborative infrastructure not only improves the learning process but also encourages student motivation and participation in digital communities \cite{bayani2017internet}.

\subsection{Smart Homes}
\noindent
Smart homes leverage IoT sensors to automate appliances and monitor environmental conditions, enhancing convenience, safety, and energy efficiency \cite{malik2023smart}.
Devices like surveillance cameras, smart lighting, and temperature controls transmit real-time data to a central system, allowing homeowners to manage their homes remotely \cite{malik2023smart}.
Additionally, connected homes can form networks, sharing information (e.g., outdoor surveillance) to contribute to neighborhood safety and broader smart city infrastructure \cite{malik2023smart}.

\subsection{Safety and Security}
\noindent
\cite{formisano2015advantages} introduce a \enquote{City Safety and Accident Management System} that uses IoT to gather information about criminality and accidents. In this system the citizen is the main actor,
who can report incidents, a so called \enquote{participatory sensor}.
\newline
\newline
The other user scenario that is presented in \cite{formisano2015advantages} is a system for managing risks of natural disasters and alerting citizens. The data is collected from sensors and humans, which is then processed
to provide information about the risk of weather events and send push notifications to citizens.

\section{Disadvantages of IoT in Smart Cities}

\section{Conclusion}

\section{References}
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